Thesis and dissertation

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Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Marine Sediments and Worms from Coastal Area of Zanzibar Town
(The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), 2017-01) ISSA, Masoud Abdalla; ISSA, Masoud Abdalla
Marine sediments and Capitella capitata worms collected from coastal area of Zanzibar Town were analysed using GC-MS to assess status of POP pollution and uptake of pollutants up the food chain. The analysis revealed the presence of organochlorine compounds (OCs) comprised of DDTs, cyclodienes and HCHs; and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including low molecular mass (LMPAHs) and high molecular mass (HMPAHs). The concentration ranges of OCs were 0.14–102.71 and 8.51–84.53 ng/g in sediments and worms, respectively; while ranges of PAHs were ND -27.47 ng/g in sediments and ND - 17.57 ng/g in worms. The spatial distribution showed that Malindi was the most contaminated site with respect to determined pollutants in sediments and worms.The relative composition of the OCs indicated recent use of lindane and aged residues of DDT and technical HCH. Predominance of p,p’-DDE over p,p’-DDD confirms that aerobic degradation of the parent DDT was the major degradation pathway. The proportion of LMPAHs in total PAHs was relatively higher than HMPAHs, suggesting that petrogenic sources had a major contribution to the identified PAHs. The results demonstrated bioavailability and uptake of both OCs and PAHs residues by C. capitata worms, although their bio-concentration factors were very low likely due to their high ability to bio-transform the pollutants. There was relatively higher proportion of HMPAHs in worms than in sediment, confirms their high ability to bio-accumulate compared to LMPAHs. The levels of measured pollutants in sediments were several orders of magnitude lower than those measured in sediments elsewhere. The levels are also far below many sediment quality criteria such that possibility of posing adverse effect is very low.
Levels of Pesticide Residues in Water and Soil from Hydromorphic Rice Valleys in Pemba Island
(SUZA, 2017-01-01) S. HASSAN, HASSAN
Assessment of status of pesticide pollution in five hydromorphic rice valleys in Pemba Island revealed the presence of a total of ten pesticide residues belonging to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorous pesticides (OPPs) and herbicides. The total concentrations of OCPs during application period ranged from not detected (ND) - 5.51μg/l and 0.38 - 6.56ng/g dw (mean 3.25ng/g dw) in water and soil, respectively; while during harvesting, the concentrations of OCPs in soil ranged from 0.06 - 2.98ng/g dw (mean 1.25ng/g dw) and those in water ranged from ND - 1.94μg/l. The total concentration of OPPs in surface water and soil during application period ranged from 0.46 - 6.62μg/l (mean 2.15μg/l) and 2.65 - 4.44ng/g dw (mean 3.34ng/g dw), respectively; and concentrations of herbicides in surface water and soil in the same period ranged from 0.3 - 7.36μg/l (mean 2μg/l) and 1.09 - 5.03 ng/g dw, respectively. All ground water samples from Muhoro were contaminated with OPPs and herbicides but the pesticides were below detection in ground water samples from other valleys. During harvesting period, levels of both OPPs and herbicides were below detection. The study revealed combination of past use of OCPs and current use of lindane, OPPs and herbicides. There were strong temporal variations of OPPs and herbicides that were governed by pesticide use in the valleys while OCPs were quite stable throughout the study periods showing their persistence and ubiquitous nature. Among the surveyed rice valleys, Tibirinzi rice valley was the most contaminated with OCPs while Muhoro was dominated with OPPs and herbicides. In general the study sites are less polluted compared with related rice farms elsewhere. The study recommends the establishment of management and monitoring teams to oversee use of pesticides in these valleys to safeguard the health of valleys ecosystem.
Adoption of the New High Efficient Cokking Stoves in the Households in Zanzibar, Tanzania
(2017-09) SHEHA, Abdalla Hamad
Traditional cooking stoves are the one among causes of deforestation, respiratory diseases, over cooking coasts and global climatic change which effect world environment including Zanzibar. New High Efficient Cooking Stoves (NHECS) seen to be best alternative to overcome those problem although the adoption level in urban Zanzibar is very limited and not clear identified. This study therefore aimed to understand the adoption of New High Efficient Cooking Stoves (NHECS) in Zanzibar urban households specifically to address the application differences of NHECS from traditional cooking stoves, factors and trendof NHECCS adoption in urban Zanzibar and suggest alternative measuresto reduce impactsresulting from using traditional cooking stoves.Methodology employed,both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, interview, focus group discussion and field observation.Based on the research plan, 355participants were randomly selected for study. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. The findings of the study indicated that traditional cookingstoves (TCS) are the primary cooking stoves used in urban Zanzibar by 97% residences, whereas 97% of surveyed households combine NHECS and TCS in the same household. However, despite significant benefits of NHECS household‘s adoption patterns is very slow. This is due to some constraining factors that influencing the adoption. Theresults shows that 54% of surveyed households fail to adopt NHECS due to limited stove sizes, while66% due to high initial costs of NHECS, 27% because of poor accessibility and85% due to poor stovedurability. Furthermore educational level ofthe household‘s members and employment status contributeto the poor adoption of NHECS by 74% and 68% respectively, while awareness of the household‘s memberscontributing66%, not like TCS which are well accessible indifferentist sizes and everywhere by lower cost. These found to be main factors for the failure of mass NHECS adoption for majority of urbanZanzibar‘s households.The need to adopt NHECS programs including further adaptive research have been recommended in order to reduce environmental hazards, health impacts and over costs cooking.However the presence of NHECS does not guarantee that, will be used comprehensively since some of households owned NHECS but 90% of meals were cooked on traditional cooking stoves.Therefore there is need for mass education about NHECS, improvement of stove quality, advanced stove sizes, accessibility, and reducing high initial cost in order to facilitate mass NHECS installation in urban Zanzibar
Silicone Passive Sampler for Tributlytin (TBT) Analysis From Tropical Costal Water Columns
(The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), 2017-10) FASIH, MULHAT MOH’D
Passive sampler represents monitoring tool for measuring of different contaminants in marine environment. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the silicone sheet passive sampler (SSPS) for Organotin species i.e. TBT, DBT and MBT. The study was conducted based on laboratory experiments and then tested on natural tropical coastal waters. Laboratory based results showed good recovery (106%) for Tri-butyl tin (TBT) compared to daughter species Di-butyl tin (DBT) and Mono-butyl tin (MBT) which were 55% and 11%, respectively. The SSPS detected TBT up to 0.9 ppb at Zanzibar field harbor. The results strongly suggest that SSPS are very efficient, costs and time effective for TBT analysis in tropical water column compared to its degradation products i.e. DBT and MBT. This study provides a clear insight on potential of silicone sheet as a robust tool in terms of recovery, cost and time effectiveness for monitoring of toxic TBT compared to traditional methods.
Heavy Metals Distribution in Solid and Paddy Plants (super) a Case Study of Kibokwa Basin, Zanzibar
(The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), 2017-10) ALI, Sada Amour
The paddy plants and soil from Kibokwa basin in Zanzibar were analyzed by assessing the heavy metals distribution. Samples were collected during harvesting period (June – July, 2016) and divided into soil, roots, stems, leaves and grains. The analysis was carried out using Energy Dispersive X- ray fluorescence system (EDXRF) of Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission, Arusha. The analyzed heavy metals were Cd, Cu, As, Cr and Pb. The results obtained showed that all analyzed heavy metals were significantly detected in soil and the ranking order was Cr>Pb>Cu>Cd>As. In paddy plant all metals were detected in all parts except As was not detected in stems, leaves and rice grains. The mean concentrations of the analyzed heavy metals in various part of the paddy plant were statistically significant (p<0.05). The results showed that most of the metals accumulated more in the roots than in other parts. The results obtained from rice grains samples showed that the concentration of Cr, Cd and Pb exceeded FAO/WHO permissible limits and might have implication on human health. Therefore, there should be a specific program to monitor the content of heavy metals in rice grains to protect the public health.
Influence of Effective MicroorganismsConsortium Production and Quality Nutrients of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum)
(The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), 2017-10) SALIM, Shekha Shamis
The use of Effective Microorganism (EM) consortium along with compost may overcome the harmful effects caused by chemical fertilizer while improving the nutritional quality of crops. The study aimed at evaluating the influence of compost inoculated with EM on the production and nutritional qualities of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum). Treatment included: Control (C), compost with effective microorganisms (EM); compost containing effective microorganisms with chicken manure (CEM) and urea as mineral fertilizer (M). Tomatoes were harvested randomly after matured and kept in plastic bag and immediately transferred to the laboratory for analysis of beta-carotene, Vitamin C, and Brix contents. The results showed that the application of EM significantly increased the production of tomatoes. Similarly, nutrients quality was improved in EM treatments by depicting the level of β-Carotene, Brix and vitamin C of 59.9 ± 11 μg/g, 4.6± 0.4% and 90.8 ± 20.7 mg/100g respectively compared with the mineral fertilizer of 31.1 ± 6.8 μg/g, 4.1 ± 0.6 %, and 53.7 ± 12 mg/100g respectively. It is therefore concluded that both production and nutrient qualities can be improved by application of EM in compost. Further research is recommended to understand the mechanisms and other factors of EM in increasing nutrients level of tomatoes before recommended to substitute the chemical fertilizer in tomatoes cultivation.
Levels of Selected Metals in Banana Grown in Unguja - Island
(The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), 2017-10) ALI, Maryam Hassan
Banana plays important role in providing dietary needs to the individuals from vitamins, iron, calcium, potassium, sodium and other metals that are needed in the daily food as dietary supplementation and for some enzymes and hormonal functions. This study aims at assessing level of metals (Na, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se,Cd, Pb and Cr) in banana grown in different areas of Unguja-Island using EDXRF machine. The analyzed metals were observed and recorded from different areas of Jumbi, Ndijani, Masingini as well as Mpigaduri. T-test to compare the mean concentrations of metals in banana showed that potassium had highest concentration in all samples where it cover a total average of 10537.62 mg/kg followed by sodium which counted about 8723.50 mg/kg, lead with 106.151 mg/kg, chromium was 90.747mg/kg, iron was 61.548 mg/kg, manganese was 58.949 mg/kg, cadmium 14.995mg/kg, zinc which counted with 9.478 mg/kg and selenium was 2.01 mg/kg. Therefore, in increasing order, the concentration of the metals in banana, is given as K> Na> Pb> Cr > Fe>Mn> Cd>Zn> Se. In addition, highest concentrations of metals were found in banana grown at Jumbi areas, while lowest levels of metals were found in banana grown at Ndijani. Therefore, in increasing order the levels of selected metals in study areas was Jumbi> Mpigaduri> Masingini> Ndijani. Highest levels of metals were likely influenced by garbage present in study areas, the garbage were purposely dumped for more than 15 years in the study areas, while the lowest concentration of metals in Ndijani might be due to the solid wastes dumped over the last 6 years. Concentration of metals investigated in all banana samples were above limit recommended by several International Organizations.
The Effectiveness of Environmental Management Management Policy on Solid Waste Management in Zanzibar:
(The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), 2017-12) BELONWU, Maryeugenia Nkechi
Solid waste is a visible concern in any environment especially for a tourist destination like Zanzibar. Zanzibar generates 216 tons which has increased to 300 tons of solid waste per day in recent times. The primary goal of this study is to examine effectiveness of the environmental management policy on solid waste management among households in Mombasa, Shanghani and Nyerere districts of Zanzibar which are distinct neighbourhood in terms of settlement, street setting and demographic variables. A quantitative study was carried out on 300 households but only 294 questionnaires were usable for data analysis. Data was collected randomly using a semi-structured questionnaire. It primarily examined how the household perceived among a cleaner environment obtained through solid waste management and the policy tools enshrined in the environmental policy. It also investigated the attitude of households to solid waste services and practices with respect to awareness of ways of disposing and segregating waste at source, willingness to pay for solid waste management, rate of generation and methods for disposing waste. Qualitative data was equally gathered through a semi-structured interview from personnel in the relevant stakeholder institutions like ZMC, ZEMA and ZANREC who acted as key informant. The study revealed that most respondents (approximately 65%) perceived that cleaner environment is a consequent of positive perception of the policy tools both of which evolve as effective tools towards achieving solid waste management in their areas. Perception on policy tools and cleaner environment in controlling solid waste was associated with the satisfaction and commitment to the management of solid waste observed among the households. The study further revealed that 71.1% are aware of ways of disposing waste at source, while 67% of the respondents pay for solid waste management. It was also noted that the rate of generation was moderate (39.5%) and a reasonable number of households (47.6%) burn waste as an alternative method for disposing waste. However, the study’s results prioritized the provision of a specific sanitation policy where solid waste management will be elaborately covered, short term /low-cost mitigation measures included to achieve a cleaner Zanzibar and the attitudes of the households when properly harnessed can have a direct bearing on solid waste management through commitment and neighbourhood spirit even where there is loose enforcement. Limitations recommendations and areas that need special attention that can contribute to knowledge as a new science were also discussed. Furthermore, the findings in this study will open the minds of different stakeholders to realise the importance of a clean environment and it can help policy makers to consider reforming the waste management policy.
Levels of Selected Elements in Hibiscus Sabdariffa Calyces and Lippia Asperifolia Leavesand their Possible Effects on Human Blood Blood Pressure
(SUZA, 2018-02-01) IBRAHIM AHMED, ABASS
The levels of selected elements in Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces and Lippia asperifolia leaves were determined for possible effects on human blood pressure. The aim was to determine the levels of selected elements in each species, and comparing their iron level along with investigation of their possible effects on human blood pressure. Ten samples each for Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces and Lippia asperifolia leaves were collected from Bububu and Mtoni and from Kombeni and Fuoni respectively, these areas are allocated within the western district of Unguja, Zanzibar. The X-ray fluorescence method of analysis was used using EDXRF equipment at TAEC, Arusha, Tanzania with sub-ppm level detection limits. The findings revealed that, L. asperifolia leaves contained (2641 – 2161 mg/Kg) of Na, (3274 – 1282 mg/Kg) of Fe, (9134 – 8466 mg/Kg) of Ca, (3050 – 1549 mg/Kg) of P, (241.2 – 146.9 mg/Kg) of Mn, (6635 – 5872 mg/Kg) of K, (23.9 – 20.37 mg/Kg) of Zn, (5205 – 3616 mg/Kg) of Mg and (9.869 – 8.963 mg/Kg) of Cu. While H. sabdariffa calyces contained (1984 – 1399 mg/Kg) of Na, (933.4 - 703.3 mg/Kg) of Fe, (7231 – 6315 mg/Kg) of Ca, (1986 – 993.5 mg/Kg) of P, (404.6 – 309.1 mg/Kg) of Mn, (8239 – 7343 mg/Kg) of K, (38.36 – 26.62 mg/Kg) of Zn, (5021 – 2923 mg/Kg) of Mg and (6.283 – 4.339 mg/Kg) of Cu. Similarly, their effects on human blood pressure were investigated. Fifty people, each one was given with 300 mL of the extracted juice of the plant species for oral intake. Their blood pressure was recorded at 30-minute intervals, using clinically validated Blood Pressure arm monitor. The results obtained had shown remarkable drop of both SBP and DBP. Moreover, the findings suggest that the juices might have raised the haemoglobin level due to the presence of high levels of iron.
Water Quality From Hand-dug Wells and Boreholes at Micheweni District of Pemba Island - Zanzibar
(The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), 2018-10) KITWANA, Thabit Mzee
Water supply systems and drinking water inaccessibility in developing countries is a global concern that calls for immediate action. About 884 million people in the world still do not get their drinking water from approved sources, and almost all of these people are in developing regions. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to determine the water quality from hand-dug wells and boreholes at Micheweni- district of Pemba Island, Zanzibar. Water samples were collected from 24 hand-dug wells and boreholes during dry season (December, 2015) and wet season (April, 2016). The analysis was done according to standard methods for water examination and reported based on the WHO prescribed limit for drinking water and TBS standard. Total and faecal coliform were enumerated using the membrane filtration technique. Some physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, turbidity, TDS) were determined using multiparameter water quality meter. Phoshate, chloride, nitrate and sulphate were also measured using bench photometer method and heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Fe) were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The well water from all the wards within the community did not meet the WHO guidelines for drinking water (zero faecal and total coliforms) except water from Shumba Nguuni and Makangale Sokoni. Lead and cadmium were not detected in all water samples. The highest concentration of iron is found at Maziwa Ng‘ombe Kibagoni with (1.09 mg/L). The revealed showed that the highest EC, TDS and turbidity were found at Msuka Taponi with (1751 μS/cm, 901 mg/L and 48.9 NTU), respectively. High amount of turbidity, this may be due to poor filtration process of water supplies as well as human activities including logging, agriculture, which contributed to periodic pulse or chronic levels of suspended sediment in water may have effects on the water sources. In addition, explanation for high turbidity is the use of a hand pump resulting from corrosion. The following data analysis showed highest levels of Total coliform at Shuma Nguuni (SH3) 98 cfu/100 mL. . A maximum level of faecal coliform was found at Msuka Ungi (32 cfu/100 mL). Highest levels of coliform were likely influenced by distance from latrines. Moreover, the highest concentration of nitrate was found at Konde Chanjaani with (12.2 mg/L). The high values of nitrate could be attributed to the presence of manure spill, fertilizer application, wastewater, sludge, and septic tank systems, which are the main contributors to nitrate concentration in water. In addition, high concentration of chloride was found at Mziwa Ng‘ombe Kibagoni (771.4 mg/L). Thus, high amounts of chloride in these sampling sites might be due to natural processes, such as the passage of water through natural salt formations in the earth by intrusion most these wells are near to the sea or it may be an indication of pollution from sea water. Chemical analysis showed that the concentrations of some parameters in the drinking water samples from the research region were above the permissible limits of the WHO and TBS standard for drinking water quality guidelines. Iron, chloride, phosphate, EC, turbidity, faecal and total coliform was found to exceed WHO and TBS maximum limit. Thus, consumption of water from sampled groundwater sources without proper treatment might cause serious ill effects. Therefore, there is a need of attention for the ZAWA and other stakeholders to undertake regular checking sources of water used for drinking purposes to protect public health.
Governance Processes and Socio-Economic Factors in Implementing Bycatch Mitigation Measures of Marine Magafauna in Zanzibar, Tanzania
(The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), 2019-03) SALMIN, Yussuf Nagib
Understanding the governance processes and socio-economic contexts of local fishing communities is important if the introduction of bycatch mitigation measures of marine megafauna is to be successful. However, there is a deficiency of information about governance processes and socio-economic contexts in the region. This study was conducted to explore the governance processes and socio-economic factors relevant to the implementation of bycatch mitigation in eight selected villages in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted with fishers (n= 240), One focus group discussion was held in each study site with different stakeholders, each group involved 6 participates, also key informant interviews (n= 11) were carried out, to collect primary data. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the effect of five selected socio-economic factors on the willingness of fishers to implement potential future bycatch mitigation measures of marine megafauna. These five factors are education, age, proportion of household income from fishing, experience of fishers with main fishing gears, and the number of adults who bring income into the household. The results indicated that only one factor which was the number of adults who bring income into the household had a significant effect on the willingness of fishers to implement bycatch mitigation measures, with a p-value of 0.016. The study also revealed that most (84%) of interviewed fishers perceived that mitigation measures will not have a negative impact on their livelihood. Furthermore, the study showed that current measures to manage bycatch rates are not explicit, no rules govern elasmobranches bycatch; and rules regarding marine mammal and sea turtle bycatch are poorly enforced. These findings will benefit the governance and management of marine megafauna in Zanzibar.
Levels and Distribution of Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons (Pahs) and Organochlorines (Ocs) in Marine Sediments
(THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-11) Khalfan, Seif Hamad
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Organochlorines (OCs) are amongst the pollutants of major concern in the terrestrial and aquatic environment. They are mostly characterized by carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects. This study reports the levels of PAHs and OCs from sediments collected in July 2017, one week after tanks oil leak in the bay of Wesha Peninsula, Pemba island. Four sampling points were chosen alongside the mangroves and the totals of twenty samples were collected during the low tides. 50g of the individual sample was freeze-dried and 15g portion was extracted by Soxhlet apparatus using dichloromethane and cleaned-up using column chromatography. Finally, 1ml extract was injected in GC-MS with electron capture detector for analysis. In general, eight PAHs and two OCs were detected with total concentrations range from ND to 53.42 ng/g dry weights (dw) and from 0.39 to 2.01 ng/g dry weight (dw) respectively. Moreover, findings show that, Phenanthrene, the lower molecular weight PAHs (3- rings) was dominant. The results demonstrated that, there is an existence of PAHs and traces level contamination of OCs. Furthermore, the study shed light on the possible consequences to the public health.
Community Adaptation to Climate Vulnerability Effects on Banana Farming in Zanzibar
(THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-11) Haji, Thuwaiba Kassim
Banana production declined due to change of rainfall regularity of season and intensity, rising temperature and wind, that affect banana productivity. The aim of this study is to examine climate change impacts and adaptation measures to banana farmers. Data on rainfall, temperature and wind were observed, as well as adaptation measures taken by farmers towards the climate changed and variability impacts and to determine farmers’ perception on the adequacy or satisfaction towards adaptation option taken. To attain the study objectives a survey method includes, questionnaires to the farmers, in depth interview to the key informant of institute of agriculture and ASSP officers, documentary to the climate data at TMA and observation to the farming block was employed at Makunduchi, Kinyasini and Kizimbani from three different regions of South, North and Urban West in Zanzibar. The SPSS computer programme was used to obtain descriptive statistics of the collected data and Microsoft excel was used to analyze climate data using one sample t-test method. The result shows that banana farming suffer from insufficient rainfall and high dry spells as annual monthly rainfall is (p- value 0.03948) which means that there is a significant difference from the base line of 60 mm per month. However, there is no significant difference for average monthly temperature and annual monthly wind, in which p- value =3.528e-07 for a minimum temperature of 24°C and 8.599e-10, for a maximum temperature of 33°C and annual monthly average wind has ap-valueof8.42e-12. It is concluded that adaptation to reduce rainfall impacts is necessary to improve production, as observed at Makunduchi where technical and institutional changes able to manage a good farming practice, especially irrigation, to increase production, while in Kinyasini and Kizimbani the inadequate water supply could not sustain banana production. Overall, water infrastructure or irrigation should be improved to promote high production so as to maintain livelihood and ensure enough food supply.
Assessment if Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Marine Sediments and Edible Biota from Wesha Coastal Area in Pemba Island - Zanzibar
(THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Abdalla, Aida Mohamed
The levels, distribution and composition of PAHs in marine sediments and edible biota from western coastline of Wesha Bay in Chake-Chake Pemba were determined to assess the effects of long-term discharge of the residual diesel oil from a nearby abandoned power plant. The levels were determined using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC- MS) instrument and the analysis targeted 16 PAHs of environmental concern as listed by USEPA. The analysis revealed a total of 7 PAHs in sediments namely naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, Pyrene, phenanthrene, anthracene and benz[a]anthracene. The same PAHs were detected in bioata with additional of benzo[k]fluoranthene and Indeno [1,2,3-cd]- pyrene making a total of 9 PAHs found in the analysed edible biota. Phenanthrene and naphthalene dominated the other PAHs in terms of detection frequency and concentration in sediments and biota respectively. The total concentrations of measured PAHs ranged from 6.88 to 156 ng/gww in sediments, and from 7.35 to 135.36 ng/g ww in biota. Analysis of spatial distribution of the PAHs was block C> block B> block D> block A and indicated significant correlation with organic matter content (R2 = 0.892) while the distribution trend in edible biota was C. Virginica > N .mutabilis >Mactralurida>C. ramosus>A.antiguata > A. subcrenata > L.cingulifera > M. bascii > N. albescensgemmuliferus > N. Echinatus. Composition of measured PAHs showed dominance of LMM in sediment and biota with overall contribution of 67 % in sediment and 55% in biota. This dominance of LMM confirm the petrogenic origin of the measured PAHs. The analysis also gave low Biota –Sediment Accumulation factor (BSAF) ranging from 0.11 to 1.92 indicating that most of PAHs are less stable and thus can dissipate or degrade before being taken up by the organisms. Comparison with sediment toxicity standards revealed that most of the measured levels in sediments were far below both the ERL and ERM values suggesting that the probability for biological effects to occur with respect to PAHs concentrations is very rare. Similarly, the levels of PAHs in edible biota were lower than maximum acceptable levels of different set standards suggesting that the biotas are safe for human consumption.
The Effectiveness of Management of Alternative Livelihood Options For Local Communities Adjacent to Jozani Chwaka Bay Biosphere Reserve
(THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Muslim, Sabri Idrissa
“Alternative livelihood” projects have long been used as a strategy for reducing local community threats toward species, habitats and forest ecosystem in forest protected areas. The research purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of managing alternative livelihood options to the local community living around Jozani Chwaka Bay Biosphere Reserve in Chwaka, Pete, Kitogani, Ukongoroni and Charawe. The assessment was done by evaluating context, appropriateness, so as to find the deliveries of alternative livelihood options management in the reserve using descriptive cross-sectional study design where by data was collected using interviewer administered questionnaire. The delivery of alternative livelihood options obtained in this study were intermediate reduction of forest resources consumption (38%), 25-50% contribution of alternative livelihood options to the conservation and maintenance of the reserve (51%), 25-50% contribution of alternative livelihood options on the reduction of threats facing the reserve, (51%), maintain (42%) and improve (32%) socioeconomic and cultural situation of local communities adjacent to the reserve and reach 1-25% (50%) and 26-50% (36%) achievements of alternative livelihood options objectives. Alternative livelihood options are most important projects in conservation to stop the local communities from dependence on the forest for their daily livelihoods also to have positive attitude on conservation as well as to grow their income simultaneously. To archive effective livelihood options the study recommends for the government to improve the infrastructure and other social service to the local community, Department of Forests and Non-renewable Resources should suggests the suitable alternative livelihood options to the particular local community and consider the culture and norm of the particular local community.
The Effectiveness of Management of Alternative Livelihood Options For Local Communities Adjacent to Jozani Chwaka Bay Biosphere Reserve
(THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Muslim, Sabri Idrissa
“Alternative livelihood” projects have long been used as a strategy for reducing local community threats toward species, habitats and forest ecosystem in forest protected areas. The research purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of managing alternative livelihood options to the local community living around Jozani Chwaka Bay Biosphere Reserve in Chwaka, Pete, Kitogani, Ukongoroni and Charawe. The assessment was done by evaluating context, appropriateness, so as to find the deliveries of alternative livelihood options management in the reserve using descriptive cross-sectional study design where by data was collected using interviewer administered questionnaire. The delivery of alternative livelihood options obtained in this study were intermediate reduction of forest resources consumption (38%), 25-50% contribution of alternative livelihood options to the conservation and maintenance of the reserve (51%), 25-50% contribution of alternative livelihood options on the reduction of threats facing the reserve, (51%), maintain (42%) and improve (32%) socioeconomic and cultural situation of local communities adjacent to the reserve and reach 1-25% (50%) and 26-50% (36%) achievements of alternative livelihood options objectives. Alternative livelihood options are most important projects in conservation to stop the local communities from dependence on the forest for their daily livelihoods also to have positive attitude on conservation as well as to grow their income simultaneously. To archive effective livelihood options the study recommends for the government to improve the infrastructure and other social service to the local community, Department of Forests and Non-renewable Resources should suggests the suitable alternative livelihood options to the particular local community and consider the culture and norm of the particular local community.
Assessing the Role of Alternative Learning Classes in Reducing Out of School Children in Zanzibar
(THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Kombo, Hamida Moh’d
The main objective of this study was to examine how ALCs implement their role in reducing out of school children in Zanzibar. It was guided by five specific objectives. The first was to find out nature of ALCs, secondly to examine the role of alternative learning classes, thirdly to examine achievements, fourthly to examine barriers facing ALCs and lastly to suggest ways of overcoming the barriers. The study was conducted in North „A‟ district which involves Kinyasini, Mkwajuni and Kibeni primary schools. The study used qualitative approach whereby districtive design was used, thematic content analysis used for data analysis. There were 36 respondents who selected purposively, officers, head teachers, class teachers, students of ALCs and regular class teachers who receive students from these classes. The findings showed there were mixed children in ALCs. However, the study found that there were lacks of implementation for some roles including supervision and mobilization of society since Shehas did not play their role effectively and some head teachers rejected the ALCs in their schools. Also, low cooperation and poverty are among the barriers for these classes. The study recommended that there are needs for the government to insist the stake holders and implementers of ALCs to agree these classes to work effectively. More effort is needed in cooperating with the parents to solve the problem of children to make them coming to school. Also should improve the economic level of the society to raise their life standard to reduce poverty so as to afford school facilities for their children.
Ground Water Quality Dynamics During Wet and Dry Episodes in Urban West Region of Zanzibar Island
(THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Ali, Rashid Masheko
Groundwater is the major source of water by inhabitants of Zanzibar communities without any treatment. However, the quality of this water source during both dry and wet season is not closely known, therefore, there is a question of its safety. In this study, twenty-one water sources from three districts of Urban West Region of Unguja Island were studied, from 23/05/2019 – 10/06/2019 (during wet season) and from 09/07/2019 - 26/07/2019 (dry cold season). INSITU measurement of Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) in groundwater sources were conducted using electronic equipment known as Professional Digital Sampling System (ProDSS). The analyzed data revealed that measured parameters in groundwater are not stable rather dynamics (spatial and temporal). Temperature, pH, DO and EC range were (27.17° C - 28.88° C), (4.98 – 7.50), (3.51 mg/L – 7.51 mg/L), and (156.2 μS/cm – 2047.6 μS/cm) respectively during the wet period, while the range were (26.74° C - 28.83° C), (5.14 – 7.41), (2.71 mg/L – 7.20 mg/L), and (223.1 μS/cm – 1936.8 μS/cm) respectively during the dry period. The values of temperature and DO showed an inverse relationship between each other, and those of temperature and EC revealed a direct relationship between each other. The results revealed that a small changes in temperature within the water system led to some changes in DO and EC level in water system, and EC changes led to changes of salinity level in the water system. The analyzed data retrieved a very strong correlation between EC and salinity, where R2 linear = 0.999. Also data showed a strong correlation between data taken during the dry period and the wet period. For example between values of DO of dry period and that of wet period showed R2 linear = 0.734, and values of EC recorded during the dry period and those of the wet period showed R2 linear = 0.896. The mean values recorded for all studied parameters during wet period were 27.87° C, 6.92, 782.85 μS/cm, and 5.44 mg/L for temperature, pH, EC, and DO, respectively. While during dry period were 27.83° C, 6.97, 743.80 μS/cm, and 5.12 mg/L for temperature, pH, EC, and DO, respectively. These suggest that the groundwater in the study area is of rather good quality with values quite below and within the guideline values of WHO, MRCCC, and Washington State Department of Ecology standards although its safety is a factor affected by several parameters.
Prospects and Constraints of E-Learning Utilization at State University of Zanzibar (SUZA)
(THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Abdalla, Siti Juma
The purpose of this study was to explore the prospects and constraints of e-learning utilization at the State University of Zanzibar. Specifically, the study examined the extent of e-learning utilization at the SUZA, established the constraints facing lectures and students in utilizing e-learning at the SUZA, and analyzed institutional plans on e-learning utilization at the SUZA. The adopted Technological Acceptance Model (TAM) was used as the theoretical framework in this study. The study used a mixed-method approach whereby the concurrent embedded design was used as a research design where quantitative and qualitative data were collected simultaneously. A questionnaire, Interview, and checklist were used as research instruments for data collection. Three hundred and fifty-two (352) out of 500 students who were randomly selected responded online survey. Five lecturers and five administrators who were selected purposively were interviewed, and the checklist given to lecturers. The findings revealed that there is a vast usage of the e learning platform at SUZA due to the various benefits of e-learning utilization. The study notified that there were current constraints for both students and lecturers. It was revealed through practical usage of e-learning technology like; lack of frequent training, lack of experience in using learning technology, lack of infrastructures like computer labs, and inadequate internet bandwidth. Also, the study has shown the administrative plans for effective utilization of e-learning and minimizing challenges for the users and the institution. Those plans are increasing internet bandwidth, accesses, and coverage at all campuses, having an e-learning policy to convince the management to rely on e-learning activities. The study recommends that SUZA should have a clear roadmap strategy to guide all stakeholders for the effective utilization and sustainability of the e-learning platform.
Assessing the Role of Alternative Learning Classes in Reducing Out of School Children in Zanzibar
(THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Kombo, Hamida Moh'd
The main objective of this study was to examine how ALCs implement their role in reducing out of school children in Zanzibar. It was guided by five specific objectives. The first was to find out nature of ALCs, secondly to examine the role of alternative learning classes, thirdly to examine achievements, fourthly to examine barriers facing ALCs and lastly to suggest ways of overcoming the barriers. The study was conducted in North „A‟ district which involves Kinyasini, Mkwajuni and Kibeni primary schools. The study used qualitative approach whereby districtive design was used, thematic content analysis used for data analysis. There were 36 respondents who selected purposively, officers, head teachers, class teachers, students of ALCs and regular class teachers who receive students from these classes. The findings showed there were mixed children in ALCs. However, the study found that there were lacks of implementation for some roles including supervision and mobilization of society since Shehas did not play their role effectively and some head teachers rejected the ALCs in their schools. Also, low cooperation and poverty are among the barriers for these classes. The study recommended that there are needs for the government to insist the stake holders and implementers of ALCs to agree these classes to work effectively. More effort is needed in cooperating with the parents to solve the problem of children to make them coming to school. Also should improve the economic level of the society to raise their life standard to reduce poverty so as to afford school facilities for their children.

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