Thesis and dissertation

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    Adoption of the New High Efficient Cokking Stoves in the Households in Zanzibar, Tanzania
    (2017-09) SHEHA, Abdalla Hamad
    Traditional cooking stoves are the one among causes of deforestation, respiratory diseases, over cooking coasts and global climatic change which effect world environment including Zanzibar. New High Efficient Cooking Stoves (NHECS) seen to be best alternative to overcome those problem although the adoption level in urban Zanzibar is very limited and not clear identified. This study therefore aimed to understand the adoption of New High Efficient Cooking Stoves (NHECS) in Zanzibar urban households specifically to address the application differences of NHECS from traditional cooking stoves, factors and trendof NHECCS adoption in urban Zanzibar and suggest alternative measuresto reduce impactsresulting from using traditional cooking stoves.Methodology employed,both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, interview, focus group discussion and field observation.Based on the research plan, 355participants were randomly selected for study. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. The findings of the study indicated that traditional cookingstoves (TCS) are the primary cooking stoves used in urban Zanzibar by 97% residences, whereas 97% of surveyed households combine NHECS and TCS in the same household. However, despite significant benefits of NHECS household‘s adoption patterns is very slow. This is due to some constraining factors that influencing the adoption. Theresults shows that 54% of surveyed households fail to adopt NHECS due to limited stove sizes, while66% due to high initial costs of NHECS, 27% because of poor accessibility and85% due to poor stovedurability. Furthermore educational level ofthe household‘s members and employment status contributeto the poor adoption of NHECS by 74% and 68% respectively, while awareness of the household‘s memberscontributing66%, not like TCS which are well accessible indifferentist sizes and everywhere by lower cost. These found to be main factors for the failure of mass NHECS adoption for majority of urbanZanzibar‘s households.The need to adopt NHECS programs including further adaptive research have been recommended in order to reduce environmental hazards, health impacts and over costs cooking.However the presence of NHECS does not guarantee that, will be used comprehensively since some of households owned NHECS but 90% of meals were cooked on traditional cooking stoves.Therefore there is need for mass education about NHECS, improvement of stove quality, advanced stove sizes, accessibility, and reducing high initial cost in order to facilitate mass NHECS installation in urban Zanzibar
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    ASSESSING COMMUNITY ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO FLOODS:
    (SUZA, 2020-12) NASSOR, Badriya Salum
    Background: Floods disasters around the world has increased for the last 20 years and affected billions of people. The same have been observed in Zanzibar which resulted to severe impacts in many parts of Urban-West Region and affected many people, threaten several lives and caused substantial economic losses. Therefore, this study intended to assess the community adaptation strategies to floods, the genesis of those strategies and the limiting factors for each adaptation strategies in flood-prone areas in Urban District in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study design conducted in Shehia of Nyerere, Kwa Wazee and Jan’gombe. It involved 399 head of the households, 2 members from governmental and 2 members from non-governmental organizations dealing with disasters. Data was collected using interviewer administered questionnaire for heads of the households to assess their adaptation strategies and the limiting factors to adaptation strategies, while key informant interview was used to get information about the genesis of adaptation strategies and the limiting factors to adaptation strategies from the members of government and non-government organizations dealing with disasters. Results: The study revealed that majority of participants were females 231 (57.9%), age 40 and above, and most of them were non-government employees 206 (51.6%). Also the study discovered that community has been employing different adaptation strategies to reduce the floods risk at pre, during and after floods. Before flooding they use to cement floor, while during flooding moved to another place and after flooding did the structural repairs of their houses. Measures taken by the organizations include; giving early warning information through different media, waste management and construction of new drainage systems. Major factors hindering the community adaptations were; lack of resources, lack of technology and lack of social adhesion. It is suggested that the government should provide the support to the communities in order to improve their resilience against the floods. Also, the community should take upon explored adaptation opportunities available in the communities, and proposed effective and efficient future interventions.
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    ASSESSING COMMUNITY ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO FLOODS;
    (The State University of Zanzibar, 2020-12) NASSOR, Badriya Salum
    Background: Floods disasters around the world has increased for the last 20 years and affected billions of people. The same have been observed in Zanzibar which resulted to severe impacts in many parts of Urban-West Region and affected many people, threaten several lives and caused substantial economic losses. Therefore, this study intended to assess the community adaptation strategies to floods, the genesis of those strategies and the limiting factors for each adaptation strategies in flood-prone areas in Urban District in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study design conducted in Shehia of Nyerere, Kwa Wazee and Jan’gombe. It involved 399 head of the households, 2 members from governmental and 2 members from non-governmental organizations dealing with disasters. Data was collected using interviewer administered questionnaire for heads of the households to assess their adaptation strategies and the limiting factors to adaptation strategies, while key informant interview was used to get information about the genesis of adaptation strategies and the limiting factors to adaptation strategies from the members of government and non-government organizations dealing with disasters. Results: The study revealed that majority of participants were females 231 (57.9%), age 40 and above, and most of them were non-government employees 206 (51.6%). Also the study discovered that community has been employing different adaptation strategies to reduce the floods risk at pre, during and after floods. Before flooding they use to cement floor, while during flooding moved to another place and after flooding did the structural repairs of their houses. Measures taken by the organizations include; giving early warning information through different media, waste management and construction of new drainage systems. Major factors hindering the community adaptations were; lack of resources, lack of technology and lack of social adhesion. It is suggested that the government should provide the support to the communities in order to improve their resilience against the floods. Also, the community should take upon explored adaptation opportunities available in the communities, and proposed effective and efficient future interventions.
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    Assessing the Role of Alternative Learning Classes in Reducing Out of School Children in Zanzibar
    (THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Kombo, Hamida Moh’d
    The main objective of this study was to examine how ALCs implement their role in reducing out of school children in Zanzibar. It was guided by five specific objectives. The first was to find out nature of ALCs, secondly to examine the role of alternative learning classes, thirdly to examine achievements, fourthly to examine barriers facing ALCs and lastly to suggest ways of overcoming the barriers. The study was conducted in North „A‟ district which involves Kinyasini, Mkwajuni and Kibeni primary schools. The study used qualitative approach whereby districtive design was used, thematic content analysis used for data analysis. There were 36 respondents who selected purposively, officers, head teachers, class teachers, students of ALCs and regular class teachers who receive students from these classes. The findings showed there were mixed children in ALCs. However, the study found that there were lacks of implementation for some roles including supervision and mobilization of society since Shehas did not play their role effectively and some head teachers rejected the ALCs in their schools. Also, low cooperation and poverty are among the barriers for these classes. The study recommended that there are needs for the government to insist the stake holders and implementers of ALCs to agree these classes to work effectively. More effort is needed in cooperating with the parents to solve the problem of children to make them coming to school. Also should improve the economic level of the society to raise their life standard to reduce poverty so as to afford school facilities for their children.
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    Assessing the Role of Alternative Learning Classes in Reducing Out of School Children in Zanzibar
    (THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Kombo, Hamida Moh'd
    The main objective of this study was to examine how ALCs implement their role in reducing out of school children in Zanzibar. It was guided by five specific objectives. The first was to find out nature of ALCs, secondly to examine the role of alternative learning classes, thirdly to examine achievements, fourthly to examine barriers facing ALCs and lastly to suggest ways of overcoming the barriers. The study was conducted in North „A‟ district which involves Kinyasini, Mkwajuni and Kibeni primary schools. The study used qualitative approach whereby districtive design was used, thematic content analysis used for data analysis. There were 36 respondents who selected purposively, officers, head teachers, class teachers, students of ALCs and regular class teachers who receive students from these classes. The findings showed there were mixed children in ALCs. However, the study found that there were lacks of implementation for some roles including supervision and mobilization of society since Shehas did not play their role effectively and some head teachers rejected the ALCs in their schools. Also, low cooperation and poverty are among the barriers for these classes. The study recommended that there are needs for the government to insist the stake holders and implementers of ALCs to agree these classes to work effectively. More effort is needed in cooperating with the parents to solve the problem of children to make them coming to school. Also should improve the economic level of the society to raise their life standard to reduce poverty so as to afford school facilities for their children.
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    Assessment if Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Marine Sediments and Edible Biota from Wesha Coastal Area in Pemba Island - Zanzibar
    (THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Abdalla, Aida Mohamed
    The levels, distribution and composition of PAHs in marine sediments and edible biota from western coastline of Wesha Bay in Chake-Chake Pemba were determined to assess the effects of long-term discharge of the residual diesel oil from a nearby abandoned power plant. The levels were determined using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC- MS) instrument and the analysis targeted 16 PAHs of environmental concern as listed by USEPA. The analysis revealed a total of 7 PAHs in sediments namely naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, Pyrene, phenanthrene, anthracene and benz[a]anthracene. The same PAHs were detected in bioata with additional of benzo[k]fluoranthene and Indeno [1,2,3-cd]- pyrene making a total of 9 PAHs found in the analysed edible biota. Phenanthrene and naphthalene dominated the other PAHs in terms of detection frequency and concentration in sediments and biota respectively. The total concentrations of measured PAHs ranged from 6.88 to 156 ng/gww in sediments, and from 7.35 to 135.36 ng/g ww in biota. Analysis of spatial distribution of the PAHs was block C> block B> block D> block A and indicated significant correlation with organic matter content (R2 = 0.892) while the distribution trend in edible biota was C. Virginica > N .mutabilis >Mactralurida>C. ramosus>A.antiguata > A. subcrenata > L.cingulifera > M. bascii > N. albescensgemmuliferus > N. Echinatus. Composition of measured PAHs showed dominance of LMM in sediment and biota with overall contribution of 67 % in sediment and 55% in biota. This dominance of LMM confirm the petrogenic origin of the measured PAHs. The analysis also gave low Biota –Sediment Accumulation factor (BSAF) ranging from 0.11 to 1.92 indicating that most of PAHs are less stable and thus can dissipate or degrade before being taken up by the organisms. Comparison with sediment toxicity standards revealed that most of the measured levels in sediments were far below both the ERL and ERM values suggesting that the probability for biological effects to occur with respect to PAHs concentrations is very rare. Similarly, the levels of PAHs in edible biota were lower than maximum acceptable levels of different set standards suggesting that the biotas are safe for human consumption.
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    ASSESSMENT OF MANGROVE BLUE CARBON STOCKS IN NYEKE MANGROVE FOREST IN UNGUJA - ZANZIBAR
    (SUZA, 2022-12-12) DAUD, Zubeir Othman
    Blue carbon refers to carbon stored or sequestered in vegetated marinesincluding mangroves, sea grass, salt marsh and coral reef.Despite their benefits and services, blue carbon mangrove ecosystems are some of the most threatened ecosystems on the earth, they are disappearing three to five times faster than overall global forest losses, with serious ecological and socio-economic impacts. It is estimated that every year about 0.15 - 1.02 billion tons of carbon dioxide are being released from deforestation and degradation of blue carbon ecosystems, which account up to 19% of carbon emissions from global tropical deforestation. This field study was carried out to quantify the above ground and below ground blue carbon stocks of the three dominant mangroves: Avicenia marina (Mchu), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Msisi/Msinzi) and Rhizophora mucronata (Mkoko magondi). This study was conducted in March 2020, at Nyeke-Uzi mangrove forests in Zanzibar and employed field survey and explorative study design. It used an allometric method for biomass determination where diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (TH) were measured as dependent variables. Biomass were then used to calculate the carbon contents both above ground and below ground tree parties through zones. R. mucronata contributed higher value of carbon contents of 8323Mg C ha-1 (41.66%) followed by A. marinaof 5952 Mg C /ha (29.79%) and B. gymnorrhizaof 5705 Mg C /ha (28.55%). AGC was higher 12300 Mg C /ha (61.56%) than BGC 7681 Mg C /ha (38.44%). This is because carbon content is affected by size of DBH found in the upper zone contributed by Avicenia marina having greater mean value of DBH 36.2cm, max. DBH 250cm followed by 17cm (max.DBH 60cm) and 15cm (max. DBH 5cm) of R.m and B.g respectively.Lower zone contributed higher carbon content 7345 Mg C /ha (36.76%) followed by upper zone 6735 Mg C /ha (33.71%) and mid zone 5901 Mg C /ha (29.53%). This result is due to high distribution of R. mucronata with prop roots in the lower zone and lack of A. marina species. Trees with higher DBH and height had We conclude that for rising carbon stock capacity in mangrove ecosystem of Zanzibar, more conservation efforts are needed by the community including shifting to non-destructive forest demands such as bee keeping, eco-tourism, seaweed and fish farming confirmed having higher carbon contents than the rest lacking such characteristics. We conclude that for rising carbon stock capacity in mangrove ecosystem of Zanzibar, more conservation efforts are needed by the community including shifting to non-destructive forest demands such as bee keeping, eco-tourism, seaweed and fish farming so as to provide important chance for carbon stocking as well as improving blue economy
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    Assessment of Nutritious Values of Tomatoes Before and After Storage in Free Energy Cooling Chambers/
    (2020-12-01) KOMBO, Ali Kombo
    Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one of the most widely consumed fresh vegetable. However, its highly perishable nature limits its postharvest life. Temperature and relative humidity management to extend shelf life and maintain postharvest quality of perishables is the main problem in tropical countries like Zanzibar. The best option to do is through mechanical refrigerator but it is unaffordable for farmers and small retailers in developing countries to buy and run. So, development of this technology is important task to overcome the human health problems. The current study conducted to assess the nutritious values of tomatoes before and after storage in cooling chambers on shelf life and postharvest whereby, Roma tomato maintained better. Cooling Chambers designed using the affordable local materials and average temperature observed inside the cooling chambers were (23, 20.7 and 20.35)0C while at the ambient condition were (30, 30.5 30.6)0C respective to Nyamanzi, Bungi and Dunga. pH, total soluble solid (0 Brix), Lycopene and Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) were assessed as response variables and much better inside Cooling Chambers as compared at ambient condition. Weight loss and deterioration percentage of tomatoes stored in cooling chambers were 4.2%, 5%, and 8.02% while at ambient condition were 15%, 30% and 37.5% respectively to Roma egg shape, round shape and Cherry tomatoes. The finding has significant contribution to reduce economic losses of perishable fruits and evidence to researchers. These results show that, cooling chamber can be used to store the fruits and vegetables for a desirable period of time with minimum significant loss and will be beneficial to maintain a regular market flow for a marginal farmer. In this study assessed that FECC gives an alternative approach on temperature and relative humidity management to mechanical refrigerator.
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    Characterization and Identification of Salinity Sources in Groundwater of Some Areas of Zanzibar
    (SUZA, 2022-12-01) ALI, Neema Ashkina
    The coastal areas of Zanzibar are mostly vulnerable to elevated groundwater salinization. The groundwater salinity could be associated with cardiovascular diseases and gestational hypertension. The current study was aimed to characterize and identify the groundwater salinity sources at urban Unguja selected areas. These areas were Mjimkongwe, Chukwani, Magomeni and Bububu. The samples of groundwater were collected in 500 ml new plastic bottles. The chemical analysis was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for Na+ , K+ and Al3+ , UV- spectrophotometer for SO4 2- , Iron meter for NO3 -and F- where by titration for Mg2+, Ca2+, HCO3 - and Cl- . Fourth (40) samples of groundwater were analyzed for salinity, temperature, pH, DO, EC together with cations and anions that mentioned above. Groundwater types through piper diagram were determined as Na-HCO3, Na-Cl, Ca-HCO3, Mg-HCO3, and Ca-Cl whereby more than 45% of all water samples were belongs to Na-Cl water types. Electrical conductivity (EC) values varied from 334μS/cm to 12631μS/cm with an average of 1856.86μS/cm. The concentration of chloride ions was between 56.73mg/L to 3091mg/L with its average of 360.88mg/L. Also high nitrate concentrations were found at Magomeni and Mjimkongwe with its mean values of 179.21mg/L and 135.61mg/L respectively. Na/Cl ratio values of Mjimkongwe and Chukwani were closely related to that of seawater (0.86). In addition, the existence of strong correlation of Cl with EC and Na 0.982 and 0.996 respectively. Seawater intrusion is mostly occurred in the groundwater samples from Mjimkongwe and Chukwani. Hence, the origin of groundwater salinization in the study area was recognized to seawater intrusion and nitrate contamination. The results from this research showed that significant quantities required to raising awareness about the health risks. Therefore, it is important to develop inexpensive methods to produce water resources with low salt content in order to control this emerging threat to consumer
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    CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF MARINE BROWN ALGAE FUCOIDAN COMPOSITION FROM ZANZIBAR COASTAL WATERS
    (SUZA, 2020-10) ALI, Hamad Ali
    Marine brown algae are important renewable resources with excellent sources of functional metabolites which possess several beneficial effects that have attracted great interest in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic applications. Three marine brown algae: Padina sp., Sargassum sp. and Turbinaria sp. were collected to chemically investigate the relative composition of fucoidan present in the algal species by hot water method. The chemical composition of the extract such as total sugar, sulphate and protein contents were determined by calorimetric method while fucoidan structural analysis were carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared – Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and Ultraviolet (Uv) spectroscopy. The yield of fucoidan has been found to vary between the species selected at which 11.5% (dry weight), 7.1% and 7.0% for Padina sp., Sargassum sp. and Turbinaria sp. respectively are reported from this study. Compositional analysis of fucoidan has revealed that Padina sp. produce higher amount of fucoidan but its sulphate content is slightly lower (21.0%) in comparison with Sargassum sp. (22.0%) while total sugar recorded is 6.46% and protein is 0.3%. Sargassum sp. produce higher total sugar (15.38%), higher sulphate content (22.0%) and lowest protein (0.1%) among the three species of marine brown algae collected. Total sugar, sulphate and protein contents in Turbinaria sp. has been found to be 6.77%, 12.00% and 0.2% respectively. FTIR spectroscopy showed a major broad band centered around 3376 cm-1 assigned to be a characteristic of O-H stretching vibration which were observed in all three species. The band appeared at 843 cm-1 suggesting to be C-O-S stretching of sulphate group. Therefore, this study has revealed that, Sargassum sp. is a rich source of Sulphated fucoidan which may be recommended for human consumption.
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    Community Adaptation to Climate Vulnerability Effects on Banana Farming in Zanzibar
    (THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-11) Haji, Thuwaiba Kassim
    Banana production declined due to change of rainfall regularity of season and intensity, rising temperature and wind, that affect banana productivity. The aim of this study is to examine climate change impacts and adaptation measures to banana farmers. Data on rainfall, temperature and wind were observed, as well as adaptation measures taken by farmers towards the climate changed and variability impacts and to determine farmers’ perception on the adequacy or satisfaction towards adaptation option taken. To attain the study objectives a survey method includes, questionnaires to the farmers, in depth interview to the key informant of institute of agriculture and ASSP officers, documentary to the climate data at TMA and observation to the farming block was employed at Makunduchi, Kinyasini and Kizimbani from three different regions of South, North and Urban West in Zanzibar. The SPSS computer programme was used to obtain descriptive statistics of the collected data and Microsoft excel was used to analyze climate data using one sample t-test method. The result shows that banana farming suffer from insufficient rainfall and high dry spells as annual monthly rainfall is (p- value 0.03948) which means that there is a significant difference from the base line of 60 mm per month. However, there is no significant difference for average monthly temperature and annual monthly wind, in which p- value =3.528e-07 for a minimum temperature of 24°C and 8.599e-10, for a maximum temperature of 33°C and annual monthly average wind has ap-valueof8.42e-12. It is concluded that adaptation to reduce rainfall impacts is necessary to improve production, as observed at Makunduchi where technical and institutional changes able to manage a good farming practice, especially irrigation, to increase production, while in Kinyasini and Kizimbani the inadequate water supply could not sustain banana production. Overall, water infrastructure or irrigation should be improved to promote high production so as to maintain livelihood and ensure enough food supply.
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    Detection and Chemical Composition of Polysynthetic Plastic Materials Along the Coastline of Zanzibar, Tanzania
    (The State University of Zanzibar, 2020-12) SAID, Rushda Abdalla
    Polysynthentic polymers (plastics) pollutants are of growing global concern due to its detection and accumulation in diversified ecological systems. In particular, the anthropogenic contamination through persistent forms of microplastics poses unforeseeable risks for aquatic environments such as oceans, lakes and rivers. This study aimed to assess the status (distribution and chemical composition) of microplastics particles around the beach sediment in coastal systems of Zanzibar. The sample collection was conducted between February 2016 and July 2016 along the coastline of Zanzibar Island. The study used volume reduced sampling method for collected samples. The study also applied both field and laboratory techniques to identify and quantify microplastic along the Zanzibar coasts. Specifically, the study analyzed abundance, distribution (spatial and temporal), size, shape, colour and chemical composition. The microplastics were extracted from sediment by density separation, morphology of micro particles categorized through visual inspection under stereoscopic and dissecting microscope. The identification was done by Fourier-Transform Infrared-Spectroscopy (4500 Series Portable FTIR). Automatic surface chemical mapping and reference to an infrared library data base was used to identify the compositional spectra of plastics particles. Results of this study revealed that microplastics were widely distributed along the coasts with a total abundance composed of 34.36±4.6 particles/kg. Higher concentrations founded in West region during the wet season. A total of nine polymer types were identified from the sediments i.e polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester (PES), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene(PS), polyethylene(PE), acrylnitrile butadiene-styrene (ABS), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and cellulose. The mostabundant (>50%) found polysynthetic materials were polypropylene and polyvinylchloride whilst the dominant (~53.8%) size range was between 1 - 5mm. The possible main sources of the identified polymers were from thermoplastic products like fishing gears, plastic bottles, food containers, textiles, pipes, bags, and cigarette butt. The results provide current status and baseline data of polysynthetic polymers in marine and coastal environments of Zanzibar, which support management strategies of plastics debris in the ecosystems and allied resources.
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    The Effectiveness of Environmental Management Management Policy on Solid Waste Management in Zanzibar:
    (The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), 2017-12) BELONWU, Maryeugenia Nkechi
    Solid waste is a visible concern in any environment especially for a tourist destination like Zanzibar. Zanzibar generates 216 tons which has increased to 300 tons of solid waste per day in recent times. The primary goal of this study is to examine effectiveness of the environmental management policy on solid waste management among households in Mombasa, Shanghani and Nyerere districts of Zanzibar which are distinct neighbourhood in terms of settlement, street setting and demographic variables. A quantitative study was carried out on 300 households but only 294 questionnaires were usable for data analysis. Data was collected randomly using a semi-structured questionnaire. It primarily examined how the household perceived among a cleaner environment obtained through solid waste management and the policy tools enshrined in the environmental policy. It also investigated the attitude of households to solid waste services and practices with respect to awareness of ways of disposing and segregating waste at source, willingness to pay for solid waste management, rate of generation and methods for disposing waste. Qualitative data was equally gathered through a semi-structured interview from personnel in the relevant stakeholder institutions like ZMC, ZEMA and ZANREC who acted as key informant. The study revealed that most respondents (approximately 65%) perceived that cleaner environment is a consequent of positive perception of the policy tools both of which evolve as effective tools towards achieving solid waste management in their areas. Perception on policy tools and cleaner environment in controlling solid waste was associated with the satisfaction and commitment to the management of solid waste observed among the households. The study further revealed that 71.1% are aware of ways of disposing waste at source, while 67% of the respondents pay for solid waste management. It was also noted that the rate of generation was moderate (39.5%) and a reasonable number of households (47.6%) burn waste as an alternative method for disposing waste. However, the study’s results prioritized the provision of a specific sanitation policy where solid waste management will be elaborately covered, short term /low-cost mitigation measures included to achieve a cleaner Zanzibar and the attitudes of the households when properly harnessed can have a direct bearing on solid waste management through commitment and neighbourhood spirit even where there is loose enforcement. Limitations recommendations and areas that need special attention that can contribute to knowledge as a new science were also discussed. Furthermore, the findings in this study will open the minds of different stakeholders to realise the importance of a clean environment and it can help policy makers to consider reforming the waste management policy.
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    The Effectiveness of Management of Alternative Livelihood Options For Local Communities Adjacent to Jozani Chwaka Bay Biosphere Reserve
    (THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Muslim, Sabri Idrissa
    “Alternative livelihood” projects have long been used as a strategy for reducing local community threats toward species, habitats and forest ecosystem in forest protected areas. The research purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of managing alternative livelihood options to the local community living around Jozani Chwaka Bay Biosphere Reserve in Chwaka, Pete, Kitogani, Ukongoroni and Charawe. The assessment was done by evaluating context, appropriateness, so as to find the deliveries of alternative livelihood options management in the reserve using descriptive cross-sectional study design where by data was collected using interviewer administered questionnaire. The delivery of alternative livelihood options obtained in this study were intermediate reduction of forest resources consumption (38%), 25-50% contribution of alternative livelihood options to the conservation and maintenance of the reserve (51%), 25-50% contribution of alternative livelihood options on the reduction of threats facing the reserve, (51%), maintain (42%) and improve (32%) socioeconomic and cultural situation of local communities adjacent to the reserve and reach 1-25% (50%) and 26-50% (36%) achievements of alternative livelihood options objectives. Alternative livelihood options are most important projects in conservation to stop the local communities from dependence on the forest for their daily livelihoods also to have positive attitude on conservation as well as to grow their income simultaneously. To archive effective livelihood options the study recommends for the government to improve the infrastructure and other social service to the local community, Department of Forests and Non-renewable Resources should suggests the suitable alternative livelihood options to the particular local community and consider the culture and norm of the particular local community.
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    The Effectiveness of Management of Alternative Livelihood Options For Local Communities Adjacent to Jozani Chwaka Bay Biosphere Reserve
    (THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Muslim, Sabri Idrissa
    “Alternative livelihood” projects have long been used as a strategy for reducing local community threats toward species, habitats and forest ecosystem in forest protected areas. The research purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of managing alternative livelihood options to the local community living around Jozani Chwaka Bay Biosphere Reserve in Chwaka, Pete, Kitogani, Ukongoroni and Charawe. The assessment was done by evaluating context, appropriateness, so as to find the deliveries of alternative livelihood options management in the reserve using descriptive cross-sectional study design where by data was collected using interviewer administered questionnaire. The delivery of alternative livelihood options obtained in this study were intermediate reduction of forest resources consumption (38%), 25-50% contribution of alternative livelihood options to the conservation and maintenance of the reserve (51%), 25-50% contribution of alternative livelihood options on the reduction of threats facing the reserve, (51%), maintain (42%) and improve (32%) socioeconomic and cultural situation of local communities adjacent to the reserve and reach 1-25% (50%) and 26-50% (36%) achievements of alternative livelihood options objectives. Alternative livelihood options are most important projects in conservation to stop the local communities from dependence on the forest for their daily livelihoods also to have positive attitude on conservation as well as to grow their income simultaneously. To archive effective livelihood options the study recommends for the government to improve the infrastructure and other social service to the local community, Department of Forests and Non-renewable Resources should suggests the suitable alternative livelihood options to the particular local community and consider the culture and norm of the particular local community.
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    Evaluation of Biosorption Potentials of Bambara Ground Nut (Vigna Subterranea) and Sour Sop Seeds (Annona Muricata) Powder For The Selected Heavy Metals From Aqueous Solution
    (SUZA, 2022-12-01) MWINYI, Khadija Ali
    Heavy metals have increased a greater consideration to environmental chemists due to their toxic nature. They are persistent in nature and cannot be degraded. Heavy metals can deteriorate the environment resulting in a variety of illness and disorders when entering the living tissue. This study aims at investigating the adsorption capacity of biosorbent (bambara groundnut powder; BGP, and soursop powder; SSSP) on toxic metals from synthetically prepared waste water. The adsorbents were used to examine their respective efficiency on selected metal; cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and thallium (Tl) from the prepared contaminated water. The samples were analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). 0.2 g of (BGP) was added to 50 mL of ultra-pure water. Then separately known concentrations of the analyzed parameter were added to the solution of BGP and SSSP. The results of adsorption efficiency were: 100% each for Cd2+, Tl2+ and Pb2+; 94% for Cu2+; 81% for Zn 2+; 68% for Co2+; 64% for Mn2+; 46% Fe2+; and 07% for In2+ . The results revealed that, the metal ions were removed in the following order: Cd2+ = Tl2+ = Pb2+ ˃ Cu2+ ˃ Zn 2+ ˃ Co2+ ˃ Mn2+ ˃ Fe2+ ˃ In2+ . With the same conditions as applied in bambara ground nut powder the adsorption efficiency of the soursop seed powder were: for 100% for Cd2+; Cu2+; Tl2+and Pb2+; 83% for Zn 2+; 62% for Co2+; 49% for Fe2+; 21% for In2+; and 0% for Mn2+ with an order of (Cd2+ = Cu2+ = Tl2+ = Pb2+) ˃ Zn 2+ ˃ Co2+ ˃ Fe2+ ˃ In2+ ˃ Mn2+ . The analysis showed that both BGP and SSSP have remarkable adsorption capacity on selected metals. Suggestively, the BGP and SSSP are preferable low cost and eco-friendly alternative adsorption materials for toxic metals ions. It is therefore recommended to the society to increase the consumption of bambara ground nut and soursop as well as its seeds being an important way of getting rid of toxic chemicals from the body.
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    Governance Processes and Socio-Economic Factors in Implementing Bycatch Mitigation Measures of Marine Magafauna in Zanzibar, Tanzania
    (The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), 2019-03) SALMIN, Yussuf Nagib
    Understanding the governance processes and socio-economic contexts of local fishing communities is important if the introduction of bycatch mitigation measures of marine megafauna is to be successful. However, there is a deficiency of information about governance processes and socio-economic contexts in the region. This study was conducted to explore the governance processes and socio-economic factors relevant to the implementation of bycatch mitigation in eight selected villages in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted with fishers (n= 240), One focus group discussion was held in each study site with different stakeholders, each group involved 6 participates, also key informant interviews (n= 11) were carried out, to collect primary data. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the effect of five selected socio-economic factors on the willingness of fishers to implement potential future bycatch mitigation measures of marine megafauna. These five factors are education, age, proportion of household income from fishing, experience of fishers with main fishing gears, and the number of adults who bring income into the household. The results indicated that only one factor which was the number of adults who bring income into the household had a significant effect on the willingness of fishers to implement bycatch mitigation measures, with a p-value of 0.016. The study also revealed that most (84%) of interviewed fishers perceived that mitigation measures will not have a negative impact on their livelihood. Furthermore, the study showed that current measures to manage bycatch rates are not explicit, no rules govern elasmobranches bycatch; and rules regarding marine mammal and sea turtle bycatch are poorly enforced. These findings will benefit the governance and management of marine megafauna in Zanzibar.
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    Ground Water Quality Dynamics During Wet and Dry Episodes in Urban West Region of Zanzibar Island
    (THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Ali, Rashid Masheko
    Groundwater is the major source of water by inhabitants of Zanzibar communities without any treatment. However, the quality of this water source during both dry and wet season is not closely known, therefore, there is a question of its safety. In this study, twenty-one water sources from three districts of Urban West Region of Unguja Island were studied, from 23/05/2019 – 10/06/2019 (during wet season) and from 09/07/2019 - 26/07/2019 (dry cold season). INSITU measurement of Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) in groundwater sources were conducted using electronic equipment known as Professional Digital Sampling System (ProDSS). The analyzed data revealed that measured parameters in groundwater are not stable rather dynamics (spatial and temporal). Temperature, pH, DO and EC range were (27.17° C - 28.88° C), (4.98 – 7.50), (3.51 mg/L – 7.51 mg/L), and (156.2 μS/cm – 2047.6 μS/cm) respectively during the wet period, while the range were (26.74° C - 28.83° C), (5.14 – 7.41), (2.71 mg/L – 7.20 mg/L), and (223.1 μS/cm – 1936.8 μS/cm) respectively during the dry period. The values of temperature and DO showed an inverse relationship between each other, and those of temperature and EC revealed a direct relationship between each other. The results revealed that a small changes in temperature within the water system led to some changes in DO and EC level in water system, and EC changes led to changes of salinity level in the water system. The analyzed data retrieved a very strong correlation between EC and salinity, where R2 linear = 0.999. Also data showed a strong correlation between data taken during the dry period and the wet period. For example between values of DO of dry period and that of wet period showed R2 linear = 0.734, and values of EC recorded during the dry period and those of the wet period showed R2 linear = 0.896. The mean values recorded for all studied parameters during wet period were 27.87° C, 6.92, 782.85 μS/cm, and 5.44 mg/L for temperature, pH, EC, and DO, respectively. While during dry period were 27.83° C, 6.97, 743.80 μS/cm, and 5.12 mg/L for temperature, pH, EC, and DO, respectively. These suggest that the groundwater in the study area is of rather good quality with values quite below and within the guideline values of WHO, MRCCC, and Washington State Department of Ecology standards although its safety is a factor affected by several parameters.
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    Heavy Metals Distribution in Solid and Paddy Plants (super) a Case Study of Kibokwa Basin, Zanzibar
    (The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), 2017-10) ALI, Sada Amour
    The paddy plants and soil from Kibokwa basin in Zanzibar were analyzed by assessing the heavy metals distribution. Samples were collected during harvesting period (June – July, 2016) and divided into soil, roots, stems, leaves and grains. The analysis was carried out using Energy Dispersive X- ray fluorescence system (EDXRF) of Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission, Arusha. The analyzed heavy metals were Cd, Cu, As, Cr and Pb. The results obtained showed that all analyzed heavy metals were significantly detected in soil and the ranking order was Cr>Pb>Cu>Cd>As. In paddy plant all metals were detected in all parts except As was not detected in stems, leaves and rice grains. The mean concentrations of the analyzed heavy metals in various part of the paddy plant were statistically significant (p<0.05). The results showed that most of the metals accumulated more in the roots than in other parts. The results obtained from rice grains samples showed that the concentration of Cr, Cd and Pb exceeded FAO/WHO permissible limits and might have implication on human health. Therefore, there should be a specific program to monitor the content of heavy metals in rice grains to protect the public health.
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    Impact of Pit Latrines on Groundwater Quality in Squatter Settlements in Zanzibar
    (THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR, 2019-12) Suleiman, Zeyana Nassor
    Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in Zanzibar. Most of the population in squatter settlement area in Zanzibar relies on shallow well due to insufficient tape water supply. The shallow wells are commonly drilled close to pit latrine without considering the safe distance. Pit latrines are characterized by pathogens and high levels of chemical nutrients that may change the groundwater quality. A study was therefore conducted to determine the impact of pit latrines on groundwater quality in selected squatter settlement in Zanzibar Municipality. Water samples were collected from 11 dug wells and 9 borehole-wells within the five selected areas: Mtopepo, Munduli, Mwera, Fuoni and Kinuni between February and March 2018. The collected samples were analyzed for faecal coliform (FC), total coliform, nitrates, chloride, electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, oxygen reduction potential, temperature and salinity. Results showed that, the physico-chemical parameters of the groundwater samples were within the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality except for turbidity, oxygen reduction potential, nitrate, total and faecal coliform which were not in compliance with WHO standards. Presence of total and faecal coliform bacteria was found in most of the water samples (50%). The presence of high nitrate concentrations along with microbiological indicators suggests that the water is potentially harmful to human health if it’s consumed without treatment. The study found that there is significant relationship between the level of contamination of chemical and microbiological contaminants with the distance from pit latrines and well water. Therefore, we recommend the construction of concrete and/ or lined pit latrine, septic tank systems and other low-cost technologies in order to reduce the potential risk of groundwater contamination.